ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING
The article discusses the formation of Siberian settlements on the example of villages of the Spassky rural settlement (the Tomsk region, Russia). The influence of the MoskovskoSibirskii Tract on the development of villages is determined by the number of houses and residents. The analysis of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement includes the history of the formation of settlements; territorial management units; volost management; volost assignment to settlements after 1861, and changes in the volost boundaries based on lists of settlements in Tomsk Gubernia at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The relevance of the study is determined by little information on the historical and cultural heritage of Tomsk villages and the problems of preserving historical rural settlements in Russia.
Purpose: A study the history and development of villages in the Spassky rural settlement. Practical implications: the results obtained can be used in the implementation of design work on the prospective development of old Siberian villages. Scientific novelty: Historical study of the formation and development of settlements in the Spasskoye rural settlement, which has not been studied previously. Methodology/Approach: The critical analysis of the literature, system and structural analysis of information and creative synthesis of conclusions were used in this work. Theoretical works of historians and architects listed in the bibliographic list of this article. Research findings: The formation of villages in Siberia occurred, to a large extent, owing to immigrants from the European part of Russia, who brought their own traditions of housekeeping. The analysis of the volost distribution of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement shows that the territories inhabited by certain nationalities transformed to separate volosts and were called foreign. The growth in the number of courtyards and residents of settlements in the adjacent villages of the Tomsk Province confirmed the more intensive development of the adjacent villages.
The paper deals with the problems of standardized design in civil construction in the cities of Western Siberia during the architectural reform late in the 1950–60s and is based on archival sources.
First, the development continuity of design and civil engineering industry was broken that time, thereby reducing to nothing the accumulated positive experience in standardized design and sharply limited the adaptation of design projects to regional conditions. Second, the methods of standardizing generated by the architectural reform were based on the universal factors and numerical criteria. That approach was aimed at centralizing the management of the design and construction industry, but did not take into account the leading regional factors and sharpened their adverse impact. It was impossible to develop projects on this basis that would meet local climatic and socio-economic conditions. Large local design organizations created during the architectural reform were forced to develop standardized projects for the conditions of Western Siberia, contrary to the main trends of the architectural reform. As a result, research and development played catch-up the civil construction and prolonged until the early 1970s.
The article examines the cultural and aesthetic function in the large closed space, namely the metro, where the need for variety, including aesthetic, is most clearly manifested. The metro diversity is a necessary socio-economic function.
The metro variety is realized through the use of cultural and aesthetic functions that reflect the history and culture. A dramatic expansion of diversity were first used in the design and construction of the Moscow metro.
Such an experience is analyzed using the architecture of the Moscow and Novosibirsk subways. It is shown that the cultural and aesthetic functions remain unchanged despite the change in architectural styles. Over time, the development of such techniques is observed. In addition to the fundamental techniques, which underlie the architectural design of stations, temporary exhibitions appear that reflect the culture and history of the metro and the city. All this contributes to the diversity of the metro environment and maintains the favorable conditions for the society and culture. In particular, the tourist potential and information about the city are being developed. Therefore, the aesthetic diversity can be considered as an important function of the metro.
The following approaches are used: the analysis of the literature in the field; photographs and measurements of the Cultivation Garden; computer simulation; digital structural analysis; generative design method.
The generating mechanism in the form of a script in Rhinoceros (Grasshopper) is examined in detail. The process of creating a garden plan is shown. The analysis and generation tool are given together with their disadvantages. A further research into finalization of the script is required for visual representation of the results obtained.
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
BASES, FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURES
HEATING, VENTILATION, AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC), LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND GAS NETWORKS
ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, SUBWAYS, AIRDROMES, AND TUNNELS
The obtained results allow determining the following parameters: the number of employees, length of employment, outputs, productivity, labor costs, wages, costs of machine and mechanism operation, materials and works.
Based on the results, a conclusion is made that there is an obvious advantage of the cold regeneration soil method for all parameters.
In road design, it is most important to obtain an optimum road surface (left and right traffic ways, left and right road sides, left and right slopes, etc.) using a number of criteria (sometimes hundreds of criteria), which include a slope, absolute elevation, elevation relative to the groundwater level, distance from the top of pipe-culvert, and others. In most computer-aided design systems, a digital model of the project is built by using a Delone triangulation.
This paper deals with a new mathematical apparatus for spatial setting out of box-section roads in the form of a nonclosed polyhedron. The proposed approach to optimizing the road design utilizes the building information modeling for box-section roads in the form of a moving unclosed smooth curvilinear polyhedron.
ISSN 2310-0044 (Online)