The article discusses the formation of Siberian settlements on the example of villages of the Spassky rural settlement (the Tomsk region, Russia). The influence of the MoskovskoSibirskii Tract on the development of villages is determined by the number of houses and residents. The analysis of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement includes the history of the formation of settlements; territorial management units; volost management; volost assignment to settlements after 1861, and changes in the volost boundaries based on lists of settlements in Tomsk Gubernia at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The relevance of the study is determined by little information on the historical and cultural heritage of Tomsk villages and the problems of preserving historical rural settlements in Russia.

Purpose: A study the history and development of villages in the Spassky rural settlement. Practical implications: the results obtained can be used in the implementation of design work on the prospective development of old Siberian villages. Scientific novelty: Historical study of the formation and development of settlements in the Spasskoye rural settlement, which has not been studied previously. Methodology/Approach: The critical analysis of the literature, system and structural analysis of information and creative synthesis of conclusions were used in this work. Theoretical works of historians and architects listed in the bibliographic list of this article. Research findings: The formation of villages in Siberia occurred, to a large extent, owing to immigrants from the European part of Russia, who brought their own traditions of housekeeping. The analysis of the volost distribution of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement shows that the territories inhabited by certain nationalities transformed to separate volosts and were called foreign. The growth in the number of courtyards and residents of settlements in the adjacent villages of the Tomsk Province confirmed the more intensive development of the adjacent villages.

The paper deals with the problems of standardized design in civil construction in the cities of Western Siberia during the architectural reform late in the 1950–60s and is based on archival sources.

First, the development continuity of design and civil engineering industry was broken that time, thereby reducing to nothing the accumulated positive experience in standardized design and sharply limited the adaptation of design projects to regional conditions. Second, the methods of standardizing generated by the architectural reform were based on the universal factors and numerical criteria. That approach was aimed at centralizing the management of the design and construction industry, but did not take into account the leading regional factors and sharpened their adverse impact. It was impossible to develop projects on this basis that would meet local climatic and socio-economic conditions. Large local design organizations created during the architectural reform were forced to develop standardized projects for the conditions of Western Siberia, contrary to the main trends of the architectural reform. As a result, research and development played catch-up the civil construction and prolonged until the early 1970s.

The article examines the cultural and aesthetic function in the large closed space, namely the metro, where the need for variety, including aesthetic, is most clearly manifested. The metro diversity is a necessary socio-economic function.

The metro variety is realized through the use of cultural and aesthetic functions that reflect the history and culture. A dramatic expansion of diversity were first used in the design and construction of the Moscow metro.

Such an experience is analyzed using the architecture of the Moscow and Novosibirsk subways. It is shown that the cultural and aesthetic functions remain unchanged despite the change in architectural styles. Over time, the development of such techniques is observed. In addition to the fundamental techniques, which underlie the architectural design of stations, temporary exhibitions appear that reflect the culture and history of the metro and the city. All this contributes to the diversity of the metro environment and maintains the favorable conditions for the society and culture. In particular, the tourist potential and information about the city are being developed. Therefore, the aesthetic diversity can be considered as an important function of the metro.

The paper studies the architectural, functional, planning, spatial, compositional, conceptual, aesthetic, landscape features of the city park. The design principles of the city park are developed in the new socio-economic conditions of highly urbanized territories. The formation process is considered for the three-dimensional structure of the city park with regard to the spatial organization of the landscape. Five design principles of the city park formation are proposed based on the analysis and experience in this area.

The paper explores the mechanisms of digital imitation of traditional tools for designing private gardens in China, the Cultivation Garden in Suzhou, in particular. New graphic-analytical model is proposed. Various approaches are considered for space as an integral structure. Both domestic and foreign literature in the field is investigated, and mathematical tools are selected to analyze the planning structure. The graphical definition of the architecture is given, the areas of its application are considered. An analogy is drawn between the graphicanalytical model and traditional Chinese tools and techniques for the space formation. The graphic-analytical model of the Cultivation Garden is proposed and investigated, and new planning schemes are then suggested. The relevance of the work lies in the use of new tools and techniques for analyzing the spatial structure of historical objects and new design solutions. The aim of this work is to study the graphic-analytical model of the Cultivation Garden, describe the main stages of its development.

The following approaches are used: the analysis of the literature in the field; photographs and measurements of the Cultivation Garden; computer simulation; digital structural analysis; generative design method.

The generating mechanism in the form of a script in Rhinoceros (Grasshopper) is examined in detail. The process of creating a garden plan is shown. The analysis and generation tool are given together with their disadvantages. A further research into finalization of the script is required for visual representation of the results obtained.

The classical architecture is being constantly developed in time, and, consequently, is relevant nowadays. The paper deals with the development of classical architectural in antiquity up to the present time. This is necessary for further study of modern architecture. The aim of this work is to identify the most stable formation of the classical antique architecture. Scientific novelty lies in the systematic approach to the studying the evolution of ancient architectural theory, taking into account a variety of external factors and based on ancient philosophy. The main level of scientific knowledge is a theoretical (historical) method, which involves a study of graphic and textual information covering the era as well as a systematic analysis of the material for the identification of basic principles of the antique architecture. It is shown that the main principles of the antique architecture are being developed in a close connection with philosophy, and determine the further development of the classical direction in architecture.

The work considers the external factors influencing the architectural environment of modern museums: new technologies and ways of delivering visual information; changing the consciousness of a “consumer” of the museum space; the presence of functions and public spaces “competing” with the museum. The work describes the structural (basic) components of the architectural expositions in museum complexes. Based on the analysis of the Russian and foreign museums, the promising trends and approaches to the creation of the architectural environment in modern museums are identified: 1) polyfunctionality; 2) transition from the “museum-temple” model to the “museum-show” model; 3) boundary merging between interior and exterior; 4) scenario and functional approach to the exhibition environment. Based on the data obtained, it possible to create a model of the integrated approach to the architectural environment in a modern museum complex.

The article discusses the use of the Jordan elimination method for solving the system of resolvent equations when analyzing the bar systems. The use of the Jordan elimination method makes it possible to determine the forces in cross-sections of bars and displacements of the system units in the case of changes in the design model of the system without the solution of new resolvent equations at each change. Changes in the design model indicate the introduction or removal of the support or internal connections, changes in the stiffness parameters of elements of statically indeterminate systems, and others. The Jordan elimination method is used for a simple statically indeterminate beam, which is a special case of the bar system.

The population of healthcare centres includes patients with disabilities. Until recently, the parameters of their movement during evacuation remain unknown. A training evacuation (not announced for patients) is performed to determine these parameters. It is found that the parameters of the people movement, which determine the estimated evacuation time, are significantly lower than those of healthy people, or they are unable to move independently (in a hospital). The time of the beginning of the evacuation has not been studied in the literature. This paper presents for the first time the results of field observations concerning the evacuation time for patients with disabilities. These data form the initial statistical database. The training evacuation is performed in the outpatient building of Vladimirskii Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute.

The paper focuses on the pile foundation and footing of the building constructed on a hillside slope and consisting of four three-dimensional blocks. The building is arranged such that to protect the first block constructed on the footslope from the negative technogenic influence of the latter via the embedment of three supporting blocks into the hillside slope. The first three-dimensional block is a three-storey brick building, while the other three are the spatial supporting structures made of insitu reinforced concrete. All the blocks locate at different position levels. The resulting embedded part of the structure matches the class KS-3 construction site safety. It is thus necessary to assess the structural safety of the building constructed in difficult engineering and geological conditions. The MicroFe software is used for finite element dimensional calculations of the pile foundation and footing strength, stability and oscillation after studying the engineering-geological surveys, the analysis of the soil formation, composition and physicalmechanical properties, the piling field. Also, the theoretical model is proposed for the footingfoundation–building system. The obtained results allow assessing the stress-strain state of the pile foundation and footing with the lateral support to the hillside slope of soil.

The paper analyzes the testing methods for the heat loss, hydraulic resistance and maximum temperature of the heat carriers. The tests are based on the availability of modern equipment and the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation. The relevance of this work is due to the imperfect requirements of the current regulatory and engineering legislation of the Russian Federation for testing heating networks of resource providers. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to assess the potential of the test methods and expenditures. Purpose: Consideration of existing methods and updating of heating network testing methods. Methodology: Theoretical heat and hydraulic loss analyses of the heating networks. The test results are taken into consideration. Research findings: The obtained data can be used to update the testing process and eliminate errors in the test methods. Practical implications: The obtained results will allow the resource providers to increase the test efficiency of heating networks. Value: The existing heat and hydraulic loss test methods of heating networks were developed and approved in 1998. This work is aimed at developing modern methods with the elimination of the shortcomings of the existing methods and implementation of the modern equipment.

The paper analyzes the degradation process of the strength properties of ferritic-pearlitic pipe steels subjected to the influence of cathode hydrogen and the operating pressure in the pipeline. It is shown that the growth stress corrosion cracking deep into the pipe wall occurs along the Chernov-Lüders band, in the direction of the maximum tangential stresses acting at an angle of 30-60 degrees relative to the tensile stresses.

The article discusses the need to improve the road network in Tyumen. The existing regulatory framework in the field of integrated development of streets and city roads has been analyzed, and the basic requirements that must be met by the city's transport system have been established. In this regard, the main directions are highlighted, which are necessary for accounting to determine measures to improve the network of streets and city roads for any agglomeration unit. On the example of Tyumen, a detailed analysis of these directions is carried out and, through its results, the stages of reorganization of the road network are determined to ensure the comfortable movement of all road users.

The development of ways to create a solid base for laying the track structure becomes especially relevant in conditions of the heavy-train traffic. This work presents feasibility studies of using a cold regeneration soil method for strengthening the main subgrade site. The advantages of this method are identified by the creation of models of production processes for soil-cement layers of various thickness. The main performance indicators are analyzed and compared with similar indicators of the most used engineering solutions for strengthening the subgrade working area: soft soil replacing and creation of a protective layer from a rubble-sand-gravel mixture reinforced with a geocell.

The obtained results allow determining the following parameters: the number of employees, length of employment, outputs, productivity, labor costs, wages, costs of machine and mechanism operation, materials and works.

Based on the results, a conclusion is made that there is an obvious advantage of the cold regeneration soil method for all parameters.

In road design, it is most important to obtain an optimum road surface (left and right traffic ways, left and right road sides, left and right slopes, etc.) using a number of criteria (sometimes hundreds of criteria), which include a slope, absolute elevation, elevation relative to the groundwater level, distance from the top of pipe-culvert, and others. In most computer-aided design systems, a digital model of the project is built by using a Delone triangulation.

This paper deals with a new mathematical apparatus for spatial setting out of box-section roads in the form of a nonclosed polyhedron. The proposed approach to optimizing the road design utilizes the building information modeling for box-section roads in the form of a moving unclosed smooth curvilinear polyhedron.