The article is devoted to the early creative activity of the outstanding French architect Charles-Édouard Jeanneret known as Le Corbusier. His move to Paris can be explained by the increased professional and creative ambitions, spiritual maturation of the young master. The paper studies his first design works implemented in France include engineering structures, Ovriere village near Dieppe, and others.

The main attention is paid to two residential mansions made in the style of Cubism, namely the Ozenfant House and Studio in Paris built in the mid-1920s. Their master plans, original solutions of facades, lightweight frames made of precast concrete are studied herein. For those years, it is a fundamentally new building material, used later in the modern residential architecture. It is noted that the creator of architectural functionalism concludes that reinforced concrete structures have a wide compositional potential that allows working not only with flat, but also with curvedlinear walls, volumetric blocks. In addition, reinforced concrete allows him to successfully test his all five principles of modern. In these works, Le Corbusier first tests residential cell technology. These works are his first approbation of conceptual models of modern architecture.

The article studies in the national history of the architectural typology evolution of transport services in Russia and the Soviet Union. The progress of motor transport since the end of the 19th century and new tasks put forward by this process, require an intensive typological search for innovative architectural solutions. Since the beginning of the 20th century, motor transport services together with the developing motor transport network become significant elements of the urban development, largely determining their new image. The architecture of transport service facilities directly relates to the current development of vehicles in technological and socio-economic aspects.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize the architecture typology of the transport service in Russia, depending on technological and social factors.

Purpose: Identification and systematization of historical residential buildings in Astrakhan, built before 1917.

Design/methodology/approach: The comprehensive analysis of historical residential buildings in Astrakhan and systematization of their characteristic elements. Description of the city in the 19th century, notes by local and art historians and architects, comparative analysis of houses in other regional centers.

Research findings: Historical residential buildings in Astrakhan are built under the influence of natural and climatic factors, European and Asian architectural traditions, economic and logistical capabilities of customers.

Practical implications: Historical houses preserve the historic urban environment in order to develop the tourist potential of the Astrakhan region.

Originality/value: For the first time, a systematized list of historical residential architecture in Astrakhan is compiled with the indication of formative factors.

Purpose: The concept development of convolutional neural network for real-time distinguishing between building interior and exterior.

The relevance of the topic of the scientific article is determined by the technology integration into everyday life. Houses are increasingly referred to as a smart house. One of the elements of this control system, is robot vacuum cleaner, which cleans various surfaces. Difficulties encountered by such a technique largely depend on the environment definition, in which it is located.

The intelligent system can independently distinguish between building interior and exterior, thereby greatly increasing the performance of the firmware complex of modern technology in both domestic and industrial segments.

The article examines the historical rural architecture on the territory of the modern Saratov region using the example of a peasant estate. Two neighboring groups of settlers are identified, who made up the main population of the left bank in the e 18th and early 20th centuries. Similarities and differences are indicated for the structure of peasant house. The principles of formation and places of distribution of various decorative finishing techniques are identified.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to identify ways and means of forming traditional architecture on the left bank of the Saratov Volga region.

Design/methodology/approach: Field research, the analysis of works of historians and local historians, critical analysis of archive a documents and literature review.

Practical implications: Identification of exclusivity of the historically developed architecture of villages. Information obtained identifies the architecture of the Saratov Volga region among the diversity of architecture of the Lower Volga regions in architectural and ethnographic aspects.

Value: The study of the regional architecture formation. The study of works of historians and local historians.

It is currently relevant to perform the quality control of load-bearing superstructures using verification calculations, which provide strength, rigidity and crack resistance of elements.

Purpose: The development of analytical and numerical methods to evaluate bendable reinforced concrete elements of a ribbed floor slab.

Methodology/approach: Well-known normative methods for the strength analysis of reinforced concrete structures; comparison of analytical and numerical results obtained in the LIRA software package.

Research findings: Well-known formulas for bending elements are used for static calculations. The analysis of the limit state of the floor slab using analytical and numerical methods allows assessing the structural state with sufficient accuracy. The structural analysis shows some discrepancies, which require correction in the future.

Originality/value: numerical strength analysis of bent reinforced concrete elements.

The most commonly used methods for determination of dynamic properties are expensive and difficult to reproduce without specialised equipment. There is a need to develop simplified techniques that allow to determine specific material properties, avoiding the use of complex laboratory tests.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to develop and test a simplified methodology for determining dynamic properties of various materials using pine wood as an example.

Methodology: Experimental modelling using up-to-date measuring devices and analytical processing of the obtained results.

Research findings: The dynamic modulus of elasticity of pine wood is determined with high accuracy and coincides with reference values. The coefficient of vibration damping is obtained for the calculation of dynamic systems in near-resonance zones.

Practical implications: The proposed methodology can be used to determine the dynamic properties of new materials in order to enter these characteristics in software databases and computer complexes.

Originality: The proposed method of determining the dynamic parameters of the material is based on the analysis of two-support beam vibrations registered by an accelerometer.

There are currently laser systems used at many stages of construction. They allow to solve engineering problems with great accuracy. The paper considers the design of a twoaxis alignment unit.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to design the two-axial alignment mirror of the optical quantum oscillator resonator.

Methodology: Deformation of elastic elements are determined by the energy method. The relation between rotation angles of the alignment screw and the resonator mirror normal is determined analytically.

Research findings: The influence of design parameters of the assembly on its performance is evaluated. A comparative analysis is presented for the sensitivity of two-axial and uniaxial knots of the alignment mirror. The advantage of the two-axial knot is shown by calculations. The obtained results can be applied in laser construction technology.

Heterogeneous structures have a number of significant advantages over classical homogeneous. Their stress-strain state control allows to more effectively adapt the system to given thermal conditions and, as a result, additionally save weight and cost of the structure. The practical use of elements with heterogeneous structure, requires the creation of engineering calculation approaches with acceptable labor intensity, accuracy and versatility.

Purpose: The improvement of design methods implying physical relations in problems of thermal power deformation of rods with heterogeneous structure.

Design/methodology: The Timoshenko rod model design involves the approximation of transverse shear functions and membrane analogy of shear deformation in torsion. A threedimensional prismatic rod having a rectangular cross-section, is obtained from quasi-homogeneous parts (phases) made of various structural materials.

Research findings: Theoretical calculations are obtained for thermal power spatial bending with tension, transverse shear and torsion. These equations contain stiffness characteristics of zero, first- and second-order tensile bending, shear and torsional stiffnesses of the section.

Practical implication: These equations can be used to compactly formulate physical relations and the boundary value problem of spatial deformation of rods with heterogeneous structure.

Alumina cement is a rapidly hardening hydraulic binder containing low-basic calcium aluminates in the final product. The alumina cement production by melting is widespread. Melting of the mixture consisting of bauxite and limestone is carried out in the temperature range of 1500 to 1600 °C, which entails enormous energy consumption and, accordingly, the higher cost of resulting products. The paper studies the possibility of reducing the melting point as well as the cost of the main mixture component bauxite via its replacement by aluminum-containing waste.

Purpose: Suggest the dependence between the mixture composition and the Al2O3 content in the initial aluminum waste; determine the best annealing temperature for alumina clinker; study strength properties of the resulting alumina cement and the effect of introduced limestone on the main quality index.

Methodology: The chemical composition of the aluminum waste (sludge and powder), raw mixtures, and resulting clinker are detected in laboratory conditions using spectrophotometry and flame photometry methods in accordance with the state standard. X-ray phase analysis of waste and clinker is based on the powder diffraction method and conducted on the Thermo Scientific ARL X'TRA Powder Diffractometer. Physical and mechanical tests are carried out in accordance with the state standard poly-fraction sand.

Research findings: Laboratory studies show that aluminum waste (sludge and powder), consisting of gibbsite and boehmite in combination with limestone, is suitable for the production of alumina clinker. Depending on the initial Al2O3 content, their content in the raw mixture ranges from 60 to 75 %.

Value: Depending on the composition, the fest annealing temperature for alumina clinker, is 1350 to 1400 ℃; the mineralogical composition of clinkers consists of 85–90 % calcium aluminates. Alumina cement strength determined in small test samples having normal density and the ratio 1:0, is high after 2 days and ranges from 33.7 to 40.6 MPa. The addition of 5 % crystalline limestone into cement accelerates the initial rate of hardening and improves the strength from 33.7 to 53.2 MPa after 2 days due to the additional formation of 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCO3·11H2O.

GIS has built-in software and analytical modules that allow processing large data of design, as-built documentation, survey results and measurements during building operation as well as conducting a comprehensive analysis of monitoring results and predict the permafrost state, perform planning and monitoring of works.

Purpose: The paper examines the possibility of using in the survey process in assessment of natural frequencies and vibrations of sections of above-ground buildings using the proposed device to control its spatial position.

Practical implications: The data obtained can be used in monitoring the spatial position of buildings, based on analyzing vibrations data obtained from automated observation posts, which allows to estimate the displacement from the equilibrium position and vibrational frequency of extended objects with an error acceptable for practice and determine the critical state of the system.

One of the main problems associated with the operation of building structures in permafrost conditions, is the deformation of support systems due to changes in soil geometric parameters. The methods used today for assessing the health of buildings and support systems are not universal. One of the important indicators during the buildings operation, which allows us to determine the health of the permafrost soil–pile foundation–structure system, is the vibrational amplitude of the supporting structure.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the pile foundation reliability in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

Methodology/approach: Modern monitoring and remote sensing technologies are used to collect the real-time data. Numerical modeling was carried out to assess long-term trends in changes in meteorological parameters and their impact on pile foundations. New methods and technologies are developed to improve the stability of pile structures in permafrost conditions and permanently frozen soil.

Practical implications: The obtained results can be used in design and operation of buildings in permafrost conditions. Moreover, these results can be used to develop new technologies and equipment for improving the performance in the oil and gas and other industries relating to engineering structures in the Arctic zone of Russia.

The scientific and technological progress makes it possible to create steel beams of various strength with high efficiency and reliability.

Purpose: The bridge construction and operation with bisteel (hybrid) beams include various stages of design to operation, providing the required level of reliability. As a result of design, manufacture and construction of bridges with such superstructures, the reliability is predicted, which manifests itself during the operation.

Research findings: The article determines the criteria for trouble-free operation for a given service life, describes and predicts the reliability level based on the limit state of bisteel beams. Using probabilistic approaches and the random nature of loading, the risk of failure is considered in safe operation of the structure, depending on the interaction between elements in the cross section of bisteel beams under loading. The issues of safety, risk, reliability, and survivability of bisteel beams are discussed.

One of the criteria for assessing the reliability of load-bearing elements of bridges, are peak values of the temporary mobile load significantly exceeding the standard level of loading. Peak loads are interpreted as a continuous random process in the form of a random pulse sequence manifested after a random period of time and having a random duration.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to show changes in temporary mobile load over time in the form of a simple Poissonian flow, where the bridge load is independent, and repeatability and duration of the random load are independent random variables.

Research findings: Three cases are considered to determine sufficiently low probability of destructive temporary mobile loads during the given normative service life of bridges. Based on the failure types, the average failure-free operation of the beam is determined as well as the operating time for a possible failure with a prolonged or specific excess load.

The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District is the largest hydrocarbon resource base, supplying up to 300–330 billion m3/year of gas and up to 10–15 million t/year of liquid hydrocarbons. Mineral extraction is accompanied by the development of engineering infrastructure, namely: cluster pads, oil storage tanks, pumping stations and automobile roads that link both within and between sites. The area is unique in terms of complexity of geotechnical conditions due to permafrost soils in particular in the upper open-cast. The assessment of geotechnical conditions of the field development as well as adverse processes, hazards, risks and impacts on designed, constructed and operating roads to the cluster pads is undoubtedly relevant.

Purpose: The evaluation of geotechnical conditions of design, construction and operation of in-field roads in the Severo-Komsomolsk field.

Methodology/approach: The analysis and generalisation of materials of geotechnical surveys for design and construction documentation of the cluster pad 11 in the Severo-Komsomolsk oilfield, performed by AO "TomskNIPIneft". Determination of composition and physical properties of undisturbed soils taken when equipping observation posts, performed in the Laboratory of Ground Science and Soil Engineering, TSUAB.

Research findings: Natural and geotechnical conditions of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District includes areas with hard frozen soil and areas with complete or partial absence of permafrost soils. In the first case, the subgrade design envisages that the upper permafrost horizon is not lower than the embankment bottom and remains at this level during the entire period of the road operation. In the second case, the design implies preliminary thawing of frozen soil lenses and road drainage prior to the subgrade construction. In the first case, the position of perennially frozen soils is evaluated by the appropriate embankment height, when non-cemented road-building materials are used, and by arranging heat-insulating layers (peat, polystyrene foam, hard frozen soil) with their thermotechnical calculation. The first principle implies the subgrade construction only in winter. To prevent deformation of embankment slopes, it is recommended to build peat benches fixed with a geosynthetic material. Land reclamation in the road construction zone should be avoided to prevent erosion of the soil cover.

The development of the road construction industry based on the sustainable development concept is considered. The problem of sustainable/green road construction in Russia and abroad is analyzed.

Purpose: The evaluation of the environmental and economic potential of new technologies as a sustainable development of road construction.

Methodology/approach: analysis and synthesis, interdisciplinary synthesis, comparison, abstraction, systematization, observation, visualization, expert assessment, search and statistical methods.

Value: The sustainable development principles for the road construction are analyzed; positive and negative consequences of implementing these principles in the road transport industry are idendified.

During major repairs of non-rigid road surfaces and reconstruction of automobile roads, it is necessary to remove old coating with road cutters. During cold milling of the old coating, the material acquires the form of granules with the surface covered with a bitumen film. Over time, the bitumen film loses its properties, and to reuse the material, it is necessary to restore the binder properties. The introduction of the bitumen emulsion in the composition of asphalt-concrete mix, allows to restore the binder properties affecting not only strength properties of the asphalt-concrete mix, but also deformability and stiffness of the mixture layer under the compressive load.

Purpose: Evaluation of the influence of the binder content on deformability and stiffness of the asphalt-concrete mix.

Methodology: Asphalt granulate fractions are used in proportions 8 to 16 and 18 to 36 mm with a residual bitumen content of 2%. The bitumen emulsion EBK-2 is used as a binder. The ultimate strength of the asphalt layer is measured according to GOST 12801. Deformation of the mixture layer is measured on a TP-1-1500 hydraulic press.

Research findings: The bitumen emulsion effect is shown for deformation and stiffness of the asphalt-concrete mix for the pavement construction.

Value: It is shown that the bitumen emulsion in regeneration of asphalt granulate affects deformability and stiffness of the layer subjected to compaction load. The development of deformation and stiffness of the mixture layer under the load with different binder content, particles size, and layer thickness are established. Analytical dependences are suggested for deformation and stiffness of the loaded layer, its thickness during paving, and percentage of bitumen emulsion in the mixture.