The article considers the development of the historical center in the city of Achinsk formed by three large households, namely estates of merchants Maximov, Borodavkin and Mokrousov. The relevance of the topic is determined by limited knowledge of the Achinsk architecture and the history of building construction.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to study the architectural and urban planning of the historical center in Achinsk to identify the spatial planning and functional organization of the city, determine the architectural style of buildings, identify the influence of a separate social group on the architectural environment.

Methodology/approach: A comprehensive historical and architectural analysis of the historical center in Achinsk framed by Lenin, Dzerzhinsky, Puzanova, Komsomolskaya streets; scientific circulation of previously unpublished archival data and historical iconographic materials; description of the current state of the historical center. Archival materials, bibliographic and field studies.

Purpose: The aim of the work is to identify the influence of the urban environment on psychological behavior of large groups of people with the subsequent evaluation of formation criteria and principles of the adaptive urban environment.

Methodology: The analysis and systematization of Russian and foreign experience in the formation of the adaptive urban environment in architecture, urban planning, psychology, and sociology. Various types of human perception of the urban environment are studied. Based on sociological data, the percentage of people with different perception of space is determined.

Research findings: In cognitive urban studies, cognitive-behavioral urban studies are determined. Various models of human perception of the urban environment are studied. Criteria for assessing the urban environment are developed, which identify adaptive and maladaptive elements of urban space. The selected criteria make it possible to predict a positive or negative impact on the development of urban spaces at the initial design stage. A thorough analysis of the territory development allows choosing the most effective of them to provide the formation of the adaptive urban environment affecting the human psyche.

Practical implications: Research results can be used in theory and practice of architecture and urban planning and complement training programs for specialists. Formation criteria and principles of the adaptive urban environment can be included in the design of urban spaces at various levels. Research contributes to further actualization of the human-oriented approach in urban studies and can be integrated in the Human Ecology discipline.

Originality/value: The paper proposes monitoring of adaptability of urban spaces according to the given criteria. The principles are developed to carry out a new design, reconstruction or renovation of urban areas. The environment created in this way can have a positive impact on the psychological state of a person.

The growing interest to the digital development of the society stipulate studies of its history described by the artifacts of structures of past generations. Since each epoch has its own characteristics, architectural ideas inextricably linking certain years to the architectural style of buildings, have changed.

Purpose: The aim of this work is the software development for the identification the architectural style of architectural a building.

Research findings: For anyone interested in history, regardless of their gender and age, it is sometimes not enough to read historical books in order to determine the architectural style of a building. The artificial intelligence model is proposed to fill this gap.

Practical implications: The proposed model can be used to supplement the practical experience in the field.

Purpose: The aim of this work is evaluation of changes in city blocks in Kemerovo starting from its foundation until the present. The time intervals are chosen with stageby-stage elaboration of the city overall plans.

Methodology: Interdisciplinary approach to studying the architecture and planning in Kemerovo. The historical method is used to consider the architecture and planning development during the evolution of temporal and spatial boundaries. The comparative analysis allows highlighting the main periods in the city block construction, design and planning solutions.

Research findings: Summary tables and drawings are developed in this work. Factors affecting the city block construction are determined herein as well as development stages of the urban environment, and future development and adaptation of city blocks in Kemerovo.

Practical implications: The obtained results can be used to study planning of historical cities, carry out renovation projects of historical places in Kemerovo, preserve historical culture of the city.

The dramatic growth in personal mobility devices, especially in large cities, determines inadequacy of transport and pedestrian infrastructure. In this regard, it is necessary to develop the urban planning policy for a complete integration of a new type of mobility in the traffic system in urbanized territories.

Purpose: The development of urban planning recommendations for the formation of micromobility infrastructure for Kazan and the project implementation for the city development.

Research findings: All-round analysis of urban planning conditions to determine the formation of the micromobility infrastructure in the city. Determination of the structural organization of the micromobility network in urban planning zones in Kazan.

Value: The urban planning recommendations are given for the development of the micromobility infrastructure in Kazan. Boundaries and dislocation of the micromobility network are identified for the city. Planning and infrastructure formation techniques are proposed herein.

The relevance of the study is due to the problem of preservation of historical and cultural heritage of Russia and the city of Tomsk in particular.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the disturbance of the structural integrity of architectural monuments such as transport vibrations and stray earth currents.

Methodology/approach: Field studies of the architectural monument of the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky in Tomsk; the analysis of the city plan in the area of Gertsen and Sovetskaya Streets; measures proposed for the monument protection from negative influences of the urban environment. Originality: The paper proposes protection measures for the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky of the regional importance from vibrations and stray earth currents generated by trams moving in the vicinity of the Church.

Practical implications: Recommendations are given for eliminating the negative impact of transport vibrations on architectural monuments on the example of the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky in Tomsk.

Purpose: Studying multifunctional public buildings for leisure to develop a student hub in Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (TSUAB).

Methodology/approach: Comprehensive analysis and data systematization of the literature; creative synthesis to develop design solutions. The bright examples of clubs built in the 1920–30s by K. Melnikov, the famous Soviet architect, are analyzed to propose design principles for the leisure student hub in TSUAB.

Research findings: Design principles of the student leisure center in TSUAB are proposed to meet the modern requirements for comfortable leisure for young people.

Practical implications: Research results can be used in the preparation of conference reports, draft projects on actual design.

Value: The literature review and proposed design principles.

Steel-reinforced concrete floors with prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are industrial quickly erectable structures. The use of such structures makes it possible to reduce construction time, save metal, obtain efficient structures without beam projecting up to 20 m for loads produced by buildings and car parks. Codes and foreign norms do not include prefabricated reinforced concrete floor slabs in the operation of combined structures, as designers try to avoid complex connections (welding, bolts) during construction. Of obvious interest is the inclusion of precast slabs in the operation of combined steel and reinforced concrete beam as well as grouted joints between steel and slabs in the absence of additional anchors and connections.

Experimental results of structural models and 6×10 m floors with precast slabs are considered to identify the concrete shear. The effective shear deformation up to 0.5 mm is detected even without additional anchors. Simplest anchors significantly increase the joint operation of cast concrete and steel profile. The operation mechanism is determined for steel-concrete and steelconcrete-anchor contact zones, and respective diagrams are plotted for numerical calculations.

Floor testing shows that the use of the simplest joining, cast reinforced concrete combining steel and precast elements involves precast slabs at a distance from the beam axis of at least two thicknesses of the floor for two different ways of the beam support.

Numerical modelling, including the contact zone operation, shows good agreement with the experimental data. It is recommended to clarify the width of compressed concrete flange in normative documents for the structural analysis.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to develop a method to determine the best geometrical parameters of the flexural thread cross-section providing the lowest potential energy of deformation, thereby meeting the requirements for the minimum weight based on strength and rigidity limitations on the designed element.

Methodology/approach: The problem of calculating the best parameters is reduced to nonlinear mathematical programming using the energy criterion. The latter provides to gain the minimum potential energy of deformation of the designed element.

Research findings: The proposed methodology allows evaluating the results obtained. The numerical experiment determines the optimum cross-section geometry of flexural thread. The spread in values between proposed methodology and finite element method are insignificant.

Practical implications: The proposed method provides the solution of inverse problems in a geometrically nonlinear formulation, including a search for optimum geometrical parameters of elements that combine the operation of beams and flexural thread. The proposed method can be used at the design stage of large-span shells of buildings.

Purpose: The aim of the work is to determine the bearing capacity of walls and columns of the building during significant movement of its natural-stone foundation on unstable soil.

Methodology: The finite-element model of stress-strain state is developed by using Ing+2021 MicroFe software package.

Research findings: During 168 years of the long-term service since 1854, the negative effect from soil frost-thawing, frost heave of the rubble foundation, and geotechnical influence of the Tom river, provided a significant fluctuation of the water level during low-water and flood periods. The foundation was considerably settled, that disturbed the spatial rigidity of the historic building.

Practical implications: The obtained results can be used to develop recommendations for ensuring necessary spatial rigidity of the brick building via the reinforcement of exterior walls with tensioned steel ties on inter-floor and attic ceilings.

The paper studies the pile penetration force in engineering and geological conditions of Tomsk. The pile penetration method allows piles to be penetrated in urban conditions with a large number of historical buildings, which makes this work extremely relevant for Tomsk and other cities.

The paper presents experimental data and theoretical calculations of the pile penetration in various districts of Tomsk. Theoretical calculations are based on several regulatory documents. Research results allow assessing the applicability of the proposed methods to engineering and geological conditions of Tomsk as well as identifying factors reducing the reliability this method. Recommendations are given for selecting methods to determine the pile penetration force, depending on the soil conditions at the construction site.

Factors affecting the clinker strength are of great interest. The implementation of the dry process attracts attention to the homogeneity of the chemical and mineralogical composition of raw mixes.

Purpose: One of the main factors affecting the clinker hydraulic activity is the homogeneity of its chemical and mineralogical compositions. The aim of this work is to study clinkers prepared by different production methods in furnaces using wet and dry processes.

Methodology: X-ray fluorescence analysis of chemical composition of mixes; X-ray powder diffraction analysis of clinker mineralogical composition; petrographic analysis of clinker microstructure;

Research findings: The clinker structure obtained in drying furnaces is glomeroblastic. Minerals mostly generate clusters alternating with each other. Clinker crystallization is mediumcrystalline, unequigranular. Alite and belite can form both individual grains and aggregates.

Research findings: The chemical composition heterogeneity of raw mixes directly affects the clinker mineralogical composition of microstructure, that has a significant impact on its hydraulic activity.

Silicate materials traditionally occupy an important place in materials science, despite the ever-changing demands. The improvement of materials requires the development of theory. The extensive experience accumulated by technical and experimental mineralogy does not always agree with traditional ideas and, sometimes, does not find an explanation in them at all. Such a situation arises in trying to describe the anomalously high kinetic parameters of diffusion and crystallization in glass and ceramics. The search for a solution to the problem leads to the use of the most general laws of natural science, the theory of oscillations and waves. Under the conditions of nonequilibrium crystallization in artificial silicate systems, the mechanism of spinodal decomposition is found, which is later confirmed in volcanic glasses of the Earth and Moon as well as in tektites. The proposed model of spatially closed dynamic structures takes into account the kinetics of phase transformations, when the formation of segregation products (molecular clusters) and bonds between them is of a resonant nature. As a result, a new class of multifunctional materials with an unusual combination of physical and chemical properties is created. Synthetic metasilicates masters about three dozen new technological applications in medicine (surgery, dentistry), household production, and aerospace equipment, materials science (modifying additives in ceramics, polyethylene, linoleum, asphalt), heatand wear-resistant lining, gold and slag pipelines. The economic efficiency of glass ceramics is shown on the example of the Federal Project The Northern Latitudinal Railway.

Due to the need of the construction industry for the intensification of various technological processes, it is necessary to reduce the time of specifying concrete parameters such as design, stripping, critical strength. It is relevant to develop technologies allowing to accelerate the process of setting the required strength parameters of concrete structures and increase them at specific time intervals.

Activation technologies of cement suspensions, concretes and mortars are analyzed. The most promising and less studied directions in the strength properties improvement are identified.

The aim of this work is to identify the physical impact on cement-containing materials to accelerate the strength gain in cement paste. A combination of several methods of electrophysical processing is used to develop the method of strength improvement and gain in cement paste. Electrophysical processing is based on electric polarization, electro-hydraulic shock and ultrasonic treatment.

The paper proposes the most optimum mode for the water-cement suspension treatment, which provides a multiple increase in the strength gain in the first seven days, compared to the untreated suspension.

The proposed electrophysical processing significantly improves the strength of hydrated cement and the best water-cement ratio is obtained to highly increase the concrete strength after seven days.

The requirements for the plate-bearing test of bore piles are determined by technical regulations for the construction of pile foundations for bridge abutments. There is no information about the plate-bearing test reliability in the literature. Bridge pile foundations as bridge elements relate to strategic and economically responsible objects of the transport infrastructure in the Russian Federation and must have a high reliability level at the design stage and operation.

Purpose: Practical application of the reliability theory for plate-bearing tests to ensure control for construction and economic expenditures.

Approach: The probabilistic approach in providing plate-bearing test reliability is conditioned by a random nature of the stress-strain state of soil under the bore pile tip and nonfailure operating probability.

Research findings: Probability density functions allow restrictions such as loading stages and time without the reliability reduction of plate-bearing tests and the possibility of using the experimental load–soil settlement relation to substantiate the program requirements and economic feasibility of works.

The article presents the research results of the temperature influence on the flexural bowl on the road surface determined by falling weight deflectometer testing. The work relevance is conditioned by the high temperature effect of asphalt concrete on test results and the need to take it into account by bringing the results obtained at the actual temperature to a comparable form with the design data, when performing diagnostics of operating highways.

Experiments identify the temperature factors that have an impact on the flexural bowl parameters. Temperature dependences are suggested for the flexural bowl on different road surfaces. A falling weight deflectometer is used to simulate the load produced by a moving truck, equipped with deflection meters located at the load center and various distances from it. Together with flexure bowl measurements, the temperatures of air, pavement and asphalt concrete at various depth is determined and dependences of these parameters are plotted.

The paper identifies factors that have the greatest influence on the flexural bowl parameters. The results make it possible to bring flexural bowls into a form comparable with design values and subsequently use them to determine the overall bearing capacity of the pavement as well as to assess the condition of individual structural layers, thereby increasing the reliability of repair measures.