The paper outlines the stages of the formation of the value category and determines its significance in the international protection system of historic cities. It also traces the transformation of ideas about the value of urban areas as heritage sites and considers the protection of the historical urban environment in the international and Russian experiences.
It is found that along with the variety of existing instruments of the urban heritage protection, the requirements for the conservation of regular buildings as elements of the historical urban environment are insufficient. The elaboration of detailed regulations, in turn, provides for a clear understanding of architectural and urban values of each element. The aim of this work is to justify the need to develop a methodology for assessing the value of historical buildings, which should be applied with due regard to the regional or local cultural context. It must be also recognized that the overall goal of such a classification based on the values and the role of elements of historical development in shaping the urban landscape, is to formulate clear rules and parameters for permissible intervention in the historical environment.

The paper concerns the preservation of the cultural heritage objects and their adaptation to modern usage which highly depends on their unique properties and the adaption process. Research into and systematization of the cultural heritage are necessary to create a flexible system of adaptation and preservation specificity of the cultural heritage and ensure the sustainable development in this field. The purpose this work is to systematize the existing cultural heritage objects, analyze their components, and classify according their types. The typology of the main characteristics of cultural heritage objects is based on these data to propose a hypothesis of the components to be protected for each type of cultural objects. The paper concern is the definition of the components to be protected in accordance with the current legislation on the cultural heritage preservation, such as a hospital complex in Saint-Petersburg. The hospital complex infrastructure includes administrative buildings, prosecutorial, mortuary, pharmacies, apartments for doctors, poorhouses. Their spatial structure and architecture composition reflect their specific functions on the one hand, and esthetic, architectural and urban characteristics on the other. The analysis is given to the publications on this issue and the integrated systematization of the components to be protected is proposed, including more or less problematic aspects, such as urban planning and intangible dimensions. The hospital complex components are proposed for the protection taking into account their characteristics, location in the urban environment, compositional components, visual directions and intangible characteristics.

The paper describes the architectural, artistic and structural features of of Velikanova‟s mansion, designed by Rostov-on-Don architects N. A. Doroshenko and N.M. Sokolov in 1890. The design and value of the object in the historical housing are determined. The problem situation is the lack of a holistic picture of this structure, which is an object of cultural heritage of regional significance. The purpose of the study is to identify the constructive, architectural and artistic features of Velikanova‟s mansion affecting the architectural and construction practices of Rostov-on-Don. The implementation of this goal seems possible on the basis of archival and field studies of the object under consideration.

The article presents the process and results of the primary survey of spatial configuration of urban centers in Barnaul. A complex methodology includes the sociological survey based on questionnaires and qualimetric and graph-analytic interpretation of the data obtained. 283 respondents are interviewed in 11 residential districts of Barnaul which include the largest objects of social attraction. According to the average time of reaching the certain functional groups the respondents' desire to change their place of residence and / or employment, the degree of similarity to the downtown is identified.
It is shown that the centers system in Barnaul has the double nature: the downtown, including the historical district, and the sub-downtown of Novoaltaisk satellite town. The modern spatial configuration is polarized: centrality of the newly built districts near the Airport as well as of the left-bank suburbs is significantly lower in comparison with the rest area and reduces westwards. At the same time, a number of territories (districts near the hubs of Pavlovskii Trakt and Malakhova str., the Novyi Rynok (New Marketplace)) are distinguished among the western districts as having rather a high qualimetrically estimated level of centrality.
Based on the social attractiveness of urban functions, the decisive role of the historical center of Barnaul is shown for the development of the global centripetal trend. It is shown that the priority development the functional groups of sub-downtown occurs westwards to highway hubs of the Pavlovskii Trakt. This can provide the formation of more even polarization of the spatial configuration of centres in Barnaul. The urban centers system should include three cores: Novoaltaisk sub-downtown – Historical Center (downtown of Barnaul) – airport sub-downtown.
The research results may be useful either for the correction of Barnaul City Master Plan or the development of downtown employment districts in the western region of Barnaul.

The paper studies the phenomenon of the aristocratic society estates as a part of history and city-forming aspect in the development of St.-Petersburg and its surroundings. The relevance of this paper is that at present time a lot of attention is paid to adaptation of the cultural heritage monuments, including estates. The aim of the paper is to identify the estates of the aristocratic society and propose measures for their preservation. The unique characteristics include: accommodation in previously undeveloped territories, large park area, a manor house and park buildings that are not utilitarian in nature. The analytical method of research is used. The history and formation, construction and reconstruction of the of Stroganov‟s estate is one of the examples of the aristocratic society estates. This estate was created by talented and outstanding architects, but already in the 19th century, that territory began to develop for needs of the city. The estate relates to the category of lost estates, since the buildings were preserved to our days in the original form, and only the manor house and guardhouses are preserved. It can be concluded that such monuments of the cultural heritage should be preserved for future generations as important characteristics of the urban planning and cultural life of St.-Petersburg. It is proposed to use public-private partnership for the implementation of projects on this type of cultural heritage sites.

The paper considers general issues of the study and preservation of the historic city skyline in the context of the research experience analysis. The term city skyline is defined by factual information, its structural components, both tangible and intangible, and specific characteristics of the skyline visual perception are described.
The analysis of the current legislation in relation to the protection of the historical environment shows the perspectives of the historical settlements in terms of the skyline preservation, the environmental characteristics of the historic city. In order to develop a methodology for determining the valuable skyline compositions of a historic city, the research methodology is reviewed and conclusions are drawn regarding the current algorithm of studying this environmental characteristic.

The proposed classification of houses in the territories of cottages and gardening allow to systematize the spatial and architectural and planning for the further search for optimum house models. The purpose of the work is to develop the architectural and typological classification of summer cottages within the city on the example of Rostov-on-Don; identify typological characteristics at the following spatial levels: gardening, plot, house; to identify the modern architectural trends of low-rise housing in the territories of gardening. Methodological approach is a systems approach that makes it possible to comprehend the character, evolution, and development prospects of the typological structure of buildings. Research methodology includes: systematization of regulatory and scientific literature in the field; field surveys of dacha architecture in different seasons, with photographs of existing, reconstructed and new buildings under construction in the Rostov-on-Don city borders; interviewing dacha owners; graph-analytic study of archival, design, cadastral and cartographic data using Yandex, Google and Wikimapia Internet search systems at the boundaries, areas, quantities and aerial surveys of the objects of study; construction of diagrams, planning schemes and spatial images performed in Excel, ArchiCAD, SketchUP. Results and novelty: based on the analysis and factual data, classifications of the house types are carried out, the dynamics of transformation of the architectural and typological structure of dachas in Rostov-on-Don are reflected, trends in design, construction and the quality criteria for the living environment.

The article describes the synagogue of Mariinsk, a monument of architecture of the regional significance. The synagogue is a prominent architectural object of Judaism in West Siberia. The historical retrospective of Mariinsk development is shown, statistical data are presented on the national composition of the population in the 19–20th centuries. Participation of Jewish merchants in self-government of the city is highlighted, the contribution to the development of industry and commerce, and the diaspora's charitable activities are noted. The history of the synagogue construction in Mariinsk is traced in detail. The historical facts characterizing the process of synagogue construction and restructuring are given. The architectural project of the Mariinsk synagogue is characterized, a graphic reconstruction and architectural analysis of this structure are presented. The special historical, architectural and town-planning values of this synagogue among the surviving religious buildings of the Siberian region are noted. The article presents the legal provisions of the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, regulating the construction of synagogues and their location in urban environment. Statistical information from the statistics committee of the Ministry of the Interior on the number of synagogue buildings in the provinces of pre-revolutionary European Russia and in some cities located in Siberia is considered. New archival materials of the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions, iconographic material from the funds of the Tomsk Regional and Mariinsk Local History Museums are used. A list of scientific works on synagogue architecture is presented. The materials of this paper can be used both by architects and historians for studying religious buildings of various denominations.

The purpose of this work is to identify the unique features inherent in the City of Orenburg, which is the main outpost of the Novozakamsk great abatis border formed in the 18th century. The planning system inside defensive fortresses refers to the regular type, its scale exceeds other fortresses of Russia, built earlier than in the 18th century. This makes it unique and this research is relevant.
The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of the fortresses in the Russian Empire. Using the historical data, the main outpost cities on the great abatis border of the 15–18th centuries are studied and their comparative analysis is carried out. This approach allows to show the planning features of the city which appeared 300 years ago.
Much attention is paid to the construction of the outpost towns and fortresses. Empirically examining already built fortifications for two centuries, in the 18th century engineers changed their approach to the defensive structures. The city significantly grows inside the fortress. The planning structure of settlements becomes regular, the orientation inside becomes simpler. Also, the role of the fortress defense system remains one of the important components when choosing its location. River banks and steep cliffs retain an advantage both over the city defense and the formation of its skyline. The integration of entry gates decreases, which is compensated by the streets intersection with a slight shift of the relative straight axis. All these distinctive features are manifested in the structure of the fortress of Orenburg and make it a unique planning unit.

The aim of this work is to review and analyze the needs of citizens and the city, concerning the cultural, spiritual and intellectual development, for the subsequent creation of comfortable, diverse cultural and educational space in each area of the city. The paper studies the creation of the cultural and educational environment and examines the socio-cultural situation in the city. Design/methodology/approach: The theoretical approach is based on works of sociologists and philosophers, cultural studies, and a few studies of architects. In fact, there is no systematic approach to design of cultural and educational spaces in Russian cities. As a result, in practice a lack of understanding is identified for the role of the city environment as a social and economic system. There is also a shortage of such studies concerning Krasnoyarsk. As a result, the paper poses problems of designing a system of cultural space and complexes that currently develop in Krasnoyarsk. The role of culture for the city life along with the historical influence of cultural centers on the city development are considered. Research findings: Analyzing the location of cultural objects on the city map one can observe a stereotype that is established in the minds of people: the center is a cultural point, and the absence of cultural sites on the periphery or a sharp decrease of their quantity in non-central districts is supposedly normal. In most cities of Russia the phenomenon of cultural monocentricity is observed. It implies the concentration of the cultural function in the city center and its deficit on the periphery can be noticed. The analysis of needs of citizens is made for the potential subsequent creation of models of cultural and educational spaces in each city area. Practical implications: Based on the results, current trends and algorithms of the implementation of proposed scheme are suggested. Recommendations for approaches to the architectural design of cultural and educational complexes and spaces are made. Cultural and educational complexes seem not as vital for surviving as, for example, schools, universities, hospitals, etc. However, it is necessary to support the desire of citizens to visit cultural places, progress, learn independently (outside school or university), engage in creativity and create all possible conditions for their implementation. Originality/value: Taking into account the existing theoretical studies, a sociological survey is compiled for residents of the city. Using various theories, the needs for cultural development and social recognition are investigated. Based on the survey, a problem was formulated, and suggestions were made about the need for further research. It is found that the presence or absence of cultural spaces significantly influence the life of people in a particular district or city: the lack of alternatives for self-expression and leisure provokes the rise of internet, television and other forms of destructive activities, slowing down the cultural development of the city. The study provides the complex strategic solution for the problem.

Today, the principles of New Urbanism, a concept that has been developed from the idea of a garden city, are developing quite actively in urban planning. This is due to the presence of problems in cities, which are due to the rapid pace of urbanization and its impact on the natural frame and comfort of the urban environment. Research in this area was conducted by such foreign theorists and urban planning practitioners as E. Howard, P. Geddes, J. Jackobs, I Gale, L. Krier, A. Duany, etc. One of the main provisions on which the concept of New Urbanism is based is transsector development or split planning (transect planning). It is designed by Andres Dauny and is a series of smoothly replacing each other zones from suitable to urban with certain parameters. The article considers the design of the neighborhood as one of the ideas of the movement of new urbanism. The design principle and the subsequent development of this idea begins to be traced to the works of Jane Jacobs in the United States, Leon Krier in Europe and the Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND) projects of Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Ziberk. A comparison is made with the Conventional Suburban Development was presented, and then the development of transect planning and transect levels and their characteristics. It is revealed that TND is based on the principles of urban planning and architecture, which work together to create pedestrian, and multifunctional and sustainable communities. They can be applied to any distribution projects within the city, communities, and also suburbs.

The known methods of acoustical calculation in buildings not fully describe the phenomenon of sound transmission. This paper presents theoretical studies of the sound and vibration in building models, a method of statistical energy analysis (SEА), taking into account nonresonant phenomena and experimental testing of the specified parameters. The SEA-based equations are obtained for the energy balance, the solution of which allows to determine the sound energy in rooms and sound vibration in structures. The energy coupling coefficients, including those allowing for non-resonant sound transmission from adjacent acoustic subsystems, internal losses and the density of mode oscillation are calculated. The results of calculations and measurements of building model fragments, including identical and double partitions, are presented. The proposed method of calculation allows to predict the sound transmission through the partition with regard to adjacent structures.

This paper studies the bitumen binder flow in terms of the Shvedov-Bingham model in a cylindrical tube. The dependence of the fluid flow rate on pressure drop is determined as well as the dependences between the radial velocity distribution and effective flow viscosity. Near the wall, the effective viscosity is low. However, in the vicinity of the rigid zone, a significant increase in the effective viscosity is observed. With increasing strain rates the effective viscosity decreases, which is explained by the destruction of the medium microstructure. With the pressure drop, the size of the hard zone decreases. With the increasing yield stress the fluid becomes less mobile, the rigid zone in the centre of the pipe increases in size. In this case, the velocity values decrease over the entire pipe section. Variation in the plastic viscosity does not affect the position of the rigid zone. It is shown that when the Bingam number Bn < 0.1, the non-Newtonian properties of the flow can be ignored. In this case, the Newtonian flow with viscosity mpl should be considered with an accuracy sufficient for engineering calculations.

Relevance: This paper studies the durability of structures made of various building materials and the effect of carbon dioxide on building materials with a view to reduce its aggressive and destructive effects. Purpose: The aim of the paper is to identify and eliminate the causes of the building material destruction during their carbonization. Materials/Methods: Silicate brick, cement stone and concrete. Research findings: Research is carried out into the destruction of wall structures made of calcium silicate brick and carbon dioxide corrosion of hydration products in calcium silicate brick and cement brick in concrete. It is found that carbonization in hydration products results in their transfer to a denser state which is accompanied by the reduction in the volume of shrinking deformations which cause sometimes the breach and fracture of material. When considering the water/cement system, it is shown that more credible and visible results on shrinkage processes can be obtained through parameters of its volume phase composition which allow controlling the parameters of the structure rearrangement from the initial to final states of the system, i.e. from cement paste to cement brick hardened at different time intervals. It is shown that after 28 days of hardening, the degree of filling the initial pore space with hydration products reaches 67%, while the porosity of cement brick in the final state is 16.5% at the initial composition of the solid phase Fs1 = 0.5; 13.5% at Fs1 = 0.55; 12.8% at Fs1 = 0.6; 11.2% at Fs1 = 0.65 and 0.7-9.0% at Fs1 = 0.7. It follows that shrinkage processes intensify in cement paste with the initial porosity over 40-50 %. It is possible to reduce the negative effect from shrinkage processes via the addition of carbonate-containing mineral additives such as lime rock or dolomite to the cement or lime and sand composition.

The aim of the paper is to improve the strength properties of cement stone via control for structure formation. The composite binder composition includes the type CEM I 42.5N (58–70%) Portland cement, active silica additive (25–37%), quartz sand (2.5–7.5%) and limestone crushed waste (2.5–7.5%). The optimum technology of mechanochemical activation is proposed for the cement stone.
The optimization of the structure formation process is provided by the mineral-mineral modifier, crushed together with Portland cement in a planetary mill to a specific surface of 550 m2/kg. The amorphous phase of silicon dioxide in the composition of the modifier intensifies the calcium hydroxide binding forming during alite hydration. It contributes to the growth in low-basic calcium silicate and lowers the cement stone basicity, while reducing the amount of portlandite. The crystalline phase of β-quartz silicon dioxide plays the role of crystallization centers new formations and the cement stone microstructure compaction. Limestone particles contribute to the formation of calcium hydrocarbonate and act as a microfiller together with fine ground quartz sand clogging the pores in the cement stone.

Evaluation of the durability of the road is a consistently relevant industry problem. The use of mathematical theory of reliability is due to the probabilistic nature of many factors affecting the duration of the effective service of road elements. The article presents the results of calculating the durability of road using the failure rate functions based on the exponential law, the Weibull law and the United law. The variants of calculation of durability considered in article, taking into account the called functions, provide rather objective assessment of indicators for highways with non-rigid type of road clothes. The calculation of the durability of the transport structure is made by a simple algorithm. The main difficulty in using this algorithm is the need for experimental determination of the parameters of the failure rate function, but this difficulty is typical for any statistical method. At the same time, among the factors affecting the variability of parameters should be identified geographical complex, individually characteristic of the region of study. Therefore, in the future, to determine the failure rate of the elements of the operated roads, it is necessary to create regional Bach data characterizing the technical condition of roads and their elements in accordance with industry regulators.

The paper analyzes the current pedestrian and transport network planning in new districts of the Tomsk-city and its compliance with the regulatory requirements for transport accessibility and socio-demographic needs of the population using a method of field simulation in production environment.
This work addressed the needs of population in new residential areas, in comfortable living conditions, with the developed transport infrastructure, which allows to reduce the travel time from home to work and back again.
The purpose of the paper is to analyze the current state of pedestrian and transport network planning in Tomsk and their compliance with the regulatory and social requirements for new residential areas.
This study in based on the field data on the current situation of the transport services and dissatisfaction of residents by new urban districts.
The research method utilizes a full-scale simulation of pedestrian and transport networks of Tomsk in new residential areas.
Research results can be used to improve the planning approaches to pedestrian and transport networks taking into account the regulatory requirements and meeting residents‟ needs in transport services.
The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of the compliance with the regulatory requirements and social needs of residents from new urban districts, which is carried out for the first time.
In conclusion, the analysis is given to the current state of pedestrian and transport network planning and their compliance with the regulatory and social requirements for new urban districts.