ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING
The article discusses the general trends in the development of classicism in the architecture of Russia and Siberia. Prerequisites for this development are studied and the examples of famous architectural monuments and the main styles are given. The relevance of this study is conditioned by the problems of preserving historic buildings in Russia and the loss of valuable building elements. Classical architecture is characterized by strict forms widely adopted in the 19th century. For a long time, it was recognized as a background housing and was destructed in the Soviet period. At present, these objects are rare and carry information about the architectural era. Although many authors study the classicism in Russia, it is not yet completely studied, in particular, in Tomsk-city.
The purpose of the article is to study the classicism stages in Russia and development in Tomsk. The article uses the methods of comparative and architectural analyses. It is shown how the main public buildings are designed and built in Russia and Tomsk, in particular, in accordance with the approved projects.
It is shown that classicism developed in several stages and by the middle of the 19th century became the national style. A need to build state-owned buildings in the provincial cities, the emergence of new types of buildings, such as magistrates, offices, banks, exchanges modified the architectural and artistic direction.
Standard projects allow developing the efficient and technically competent housing in a short time, which contribute to the stylistic integrity of the Russian cities. Due to the significant loss of buildings of the classicism period, the existing buildings are the most ancient and valuable objects that require studying and preservation.
Design/methodology/approach: The historical and urban development of Tyumen is analyzed for the period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The city division into historical areas and administrative districts and the current state of historical areas are considered. The territories of districts and characteristic architectural features are revealed. Purpose: The purpose of this work is to show the development of architecture of the city late in the 19th and early 20th centuries with regard to economic, political and historical factors. Research findings: The analysis of historical areas of Tyumen is given from the point of view of its urban development and architecture. The research utilizes modern and historical maps of the city of Tyumen and scientific publications. The research method consists of the analysis of information about the urban development using the literature and the correlation of this information with historical materials. The analysis is given to architectural dominants and their impact on the architectural and planning of historical areas. Research findings: The definition of historical areas locations and the analysis of the architecture development in Tyumen of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The diagrams are suggested for the location of architectural areas (churches, factories) and important town-planning elements (squares, squares, cemeteries, etc.) in the city infrastructure. Originality/value: The analysis is given to the intensive population growth in Tyumen, which affects the road system. For the last decade, a new system of streets has been developed both inside and outside the city. This fact affects both the urban planning and the architectural appearance of the city because some of architectural areas have been lost.
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS
One of the most effective developments of energy saving in the production of Portland cement used worldwide, is joint grinding of Portland cement clinker with injected mineral additives, such as pozzolanic rocks, ashes and slags.
The aim of this work is to substantiate the possibility of the quality cement production using joint grinding of Portland cement clinker with natural mineral additives with a view to the of production location.
River (quartz-feldspar) sands of the Lena basin and large-tonnage raw materials (zeolitecontaining rocks of the Khonguruu deposit) are considered as mineral additives to Portland cement. The study uses both standard test methods and the X-ray phase analysis for binders and concretes.
The activity of the mineral additives to Portland cement is studied. The main properties of clinker, gypsum stone and mineral additives are studied to organize the production of quality Portland cement and products for the support of construction projects in the North-Eastern part of the Arctic and the North of Russia. The effect from additives and fineness of zeolitecontaining clinker and quartz-feldspar sand is studied relative to the thickness and setting time of the cement paste and cement mortar strength.
It is shown that the types CEM II/A-P 32.5N and CEM II / A-P 42.5N Portland cement can be produced from imported Portland cement clinker and local mineral additives saving 5–15 % Portland cement clinker.
ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, SUBWAYS, AIRDROMES, AND TUNNELS
In engineering geology and soil mechanics, there are dependencies that allow one to transfer from deformation parameters obtained in the laboratory conditions to that obtained in natural conditions and between parameters obtained during laboratory tests using different methods. These dependencies greatly simplify and facilitate research into the field. However, for bottom-ash mixtures, considered as man-made soil for the embankment construction, the construction of such dependencies has not been previously performed. The aim of this work is to obtain these dependencies and determine the modulus of deformation under triaxial compression, the elastic moduli determined in laboratory conditions on a lever press and experimental tray. The dependencies are also obtained using the plate test method on the experimental embankment and the California bearing ratio in a wide range of density and humidity.
It is found that the transfer equations derived earlier for deformation parameters are not suitable for the bottom-ash mixes. Mathematical dependencies are then derived for the deformation parameters of these mixes in different conditions.
The Originality and practical implications of this work is the derivation of new dependencies based on experimental data allowing to obtain desired values of these parameters for bottom-ash embankments with higher accuracy than achieved by other authors using mathematical calculations.
ISSN 2310-0044 (Online)