The paper presents a study of chapel typology on the example of Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions. The analysis of existing chapels includes their architectural style, attachment to other buildings, roofing, the number of domes, construction materials, functional purpose and temperature conditions. Based on the analysis, the existing typological table of chapels is revised and amended. Studies show that despite the strong influence of the traditional approach to Orthodox architecture, innovative small churches are being built.

The period from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century is considered in relation to historical evolution of architecture of traditional individual residential building. Social, religious and natural factors contribute to the formation of the structure of traditional residential house and provide the most comfortable microclimate, ensure security and noise protection for residents. Traditional house consists of both inner and outer courtyards. The paper gives the description of housing types in the province of Anbar: a tent, a house with rivak, a house with a Lebanon, rural and urban houses. It is found that in the Anbar province, the main type of the traditional individual urban residential building is a city house with courtyard that meets the requirements of urban residents.

 

The article deals with the evolution of functional types of media objects at different stages. It is determined that media objects developed from prototypes to modern media centers. The intermediate stage of evolution is established, that is media objects of hybrid (transitional) type. The emergence of new types of information media and their integration into the structure of media objects have a significant impact on the evolution of the architecture of media objects. The current stage is characterized by the emergence and development of new types of media centers. Functional types of media centers (media libraries, centers of culture and art, media libraries at universities, etc.) are determined herein.

 

 

The article presents research results on space-planning links formed by the railroad. The typology and main characteristics are described. The approach to the comprehensive analysis is shown on the example of Zlobino railroad in Krasnoyarsk. The approach is used for restoration of town-planning structure by means of the building-bridge model.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to identify effective ways of architectural form making of public facilities using an ecological approach. This is due to a new role of architecture in the urban sustainable development through the creation of aesthetically attractive and functional comfortable and safe environment. A special attention is paid to economic efficiency of objects, namely cost reduction in building construction and operation. This goal can be achieved through the improvement of design and construction technologies, development of the construction material industry, and interdisciplinary approach to the problem solution which implies the collaboration of specialists. Methodology/approach: Analytical, synergetic and inductive approaches are used in these studies. Based on the identification of particular cases of the new approach to the application of living nature in architecture and construction and their analysis and systematization, an algorithm of creating architectural objects is developed using natural technologies. The fields of their application are indicated within the architectural theory and practice. Form making experiments are carried out using natural technologies utilized by foreign specialists. Findings: Natural technologies can be systemized in the following way: – a living being as a prototype of an architectural object (external form, architectural bionics); – construction technology used by a living being as a prototype of building technologies in architecture (principle of space organization and structure formation); – a living being as a builder of architectural objects (e.g. use of bacteria as a building material); – a living being as a source of building material (objects produced by living beings, such as shells, chitin, silk thread, etc.). It is found that this approach is being intensively developed by foreign architects and designers jointly with other specialists (engineers, biologists, etc.), but has no spheres of application as well as related centers in Russia. Results: Natural technologies are very important for the transition to a model of sustainable urban development, since their use improves the ecological situation, provides efficient use of natural resources and reduces construction costs. A research group should be created for studying the foreign experience in using natural technologies for the development of research program on implementing this approach in Russia. Practical implications: Research results can be readily used for subsequent studies on similar or related topics; in the academic process for training architects; in real design of ecoarchitectural creative spaces and objects, which will positively affect the development of green economy in Russia. This approach can be applied in different regions and climatic zones of the world with its adaptation to local conditions, because it is a universal design method with mandatory application of the creative approach. Originality/value: The originality of research lies in the architectural typology modification connected with form making, planning and design concepts. Systematization of local knowledge and experiments is provided by construction materials and technologies. Theorization of the new pre-design and design methods can be identified as a natural technology approach.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to study the variation in the pressure coefficients on the surface of the high-rise building model caused by turbulent currents created by the barrier with the similar geometrical parameters at longitudinal displacement. Methodology/approach: Aerodynamic parameters are experimentally investigated in specific conditions which simulate the real wind pressure applied to building models. Square prisms with the relative heights of 3 and 6 are selected for the models. Experiments are based on physical modeling of buildings using the dimensional analysis. Research focuses on the determination of dependence between the pressure coefficients at a lateral displacement of models relative to the longitudinal axis of the wind tunnel. Research findings: The following characteristics and processes are identified: the interaction between building models within the airflow; the area of the lowest wind pressure on the downwind model; the effect from the first and second airflow separations on air rarefaction along the model sides depending on the initial distance between models; the increase in the drag coefficient when the downstream model is left by the vortices formed by the front model; additional longitudinal and transverse forces when the downstream model is left by the vortices formed by the front model due to their longitudinal displacement; almost similar airflows round the second and the first models at a large transverse displacement. Practical implications: Research results can be readily used in calculations of dynamic loads on the building surfaces, engineering of natural and artificial ventilation systems, suspended facades, extensive translucent structures, and also for safe operation of high-rise buildings. The choice of the form of section and size of models allows using the obtained data on pressure not only in building construction, but also in other structures of the similar shape. Value: The obtained results represent new knowledge about aerodynamics of high-rise buildings and improving methods of and approaches to the structural analysis of building walls under complicated aerodynamic conditions.

The analysis stress-strain state is performed for the angle-tension, two-circuit suspension tower as a spatial, statically indeterminate system with rigid joints. SCAD software is used to create a solid 3D CAD angle-tension, two-circuit suspension tower. The attention is paid to the problems arising in specifying initial data and structural design. Issues, connected with the calculation of the internal longitudinal forces in the suspension tower elements are considered. The analysis includes the joint work of the lattice elements in the 3D model of the suspension tower and the involvement of stiffening diaphragms and cross stays in all the four sides. As a result, a detailed comparison is provided for obtained internal efforts with those found in the suspension tower elements due to identical values of loadings.

Relevance: The actual values of the elastic modulus used for manufacturing reinforced concrete products and concrete structures may differ significantly from those given in SNiP 63.13330. It is therefore interesting to estimate the rational value of the elasticity modulus of concrete for a particular design. Purpose: Calculation algorithm is proposed for normal stresses and deformations based on variation of the elasticity modulus of concrete by controlling prescribed and technological factors. Materials and methods: Ordinary concrete grades up to В120 grade with organic and mineral modifiers, reinforced concrete beams, modeling, numerical experiment, beam analysis by normal stresses and deformations. Results: The proposed beam analysis algorithm considers a possible change up to 2 times in the elasticity modulus of concrete. Conclusions: Calculations of the elasticity modulus ensure the beam rigidity, taking into account its reinforcement and cross-sectional parameters and strength for normal stresses at a concrete strength normalization corresponding to the elastic modulus, with regard to prescribed and technological factors.

 

The stress-strain state of a two-dimensional problem under the conditions of plane deformation is investigated using the method of boundary equations. A rectangular plate rigidly clamped into the base under conditions of plane deformation is studied under horizontal load distributed along the vertical face. Numerical experiments are carried out to analyze the stability of the solution, the convergence, and the accuracy of results obtained.

Dynamic impacts of emergency nature occur in industrial enterprises and protective structures of civil defense. An effective way to reduce the dynamic impact is the use of yielding supports in the form of annular tubes. To assess the effect of deformation of yielding supports on reinforced concrete structures, it is necessary to determine the features of dynamic deformation of the crumpled inserts of the ring section. In theoretical calculations, characteristics obtained as a result of static testing yielding supports are currently used. Data on the dynamic characteristics of yielding supports are not available. This paper presents results of experimental and numerical studies on yielding supports under dynamic loading. Using the ANSYS finite element program, a numerical model is developed for the yielding support consistent with the obtained experimental data.

Many new developments in the field of creating promising building materials relate to polymer fiber composites for reinforcing concrete constructions. The most effective use of such composites is provided by carbon fiber reinforcement. To date, the issues related to design, calculation and use of concrete constructions with carbon composite reinforcement under dynamic compressive loading have not been well studied. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine strength of dynamically loaded concrete constructions reinforced with carbon fiber using different methods of modification of deformation properties of concrete. Methodology: Experimental studies include testing two concrete columns with steel rod reinforcement and six concrete columns modified by carbon fiber and carbon composite reinforcement. The columns are tested under axial static and dynamic compressive loads. Research findings: The resulting longitudinal deformations of concrete and carbon-composite reinforcement and the limiting compressive force are determined. Value: New experimental data are obtained for the concrete column strength reinforced with carbon composite rods. The experimental results indicate the effective resistance to compression of carbon composite reinforcement. This phenomenon is observed in the case of carbon fiber and carbon composite reinforcement of compressed concrete constructions under the dynamic load. Practical implications: Resistance of carbon composite reinforcement to the dynamic compression affects the concrete strength, especially when its deformation properties are modified by carbon fiber and carbon composite reinforcement. The obtained results can be used in strength calculations of concrete constructions under the dynamic load.

 

The article deals with spatial heat-stressed elements that influence the thermal properties of multilayered enclosing structures. Using the ANSYS finite element program, the effect of thermofiller location on heat transfer processes is studied nearby the heat-stressed elements. A quantitative assessment is given to thermal conditions of heat-stressed elements of enclosing structure under extreme heat exchange conditions. Specific conditions are created to raise the temperature nearby the heat-stressed elements and reduce their negative effect. 

 

The paper presents the research results on the development of scientifically valid compositions of 3D printing construction mixes with improved performance characteristics. To regulate the physical, mechanical and technological properties of cement-based mixes, thermallymodified peat additive MT-600 is developed. The paper studies the world experience in the construction additive technology field. The experimental results are presented for cement paste and construction mixes with MT-600 additive for 3D printing. It is established that using the proposed fine additive increases the strength of the cement paste at early stages of hardening, which is the determining factor in the formation of building and technical characteristics for 3D printing. The X-ray phase analysis is carried out for the new composition of cement paste modified with MT-600 additive, which allows studying characteristics of the structure and properties of construction mixes during the hardening process.

The paper presents research results on silicate melt and glass-ceramic material production based on ashes generated by thermal power plants using the energy of thermal plasma. A plasma-chemical reactor is designed and tested. Calculations show that when the thermal power of plasma torch varies from 50 to 100 kW and the optimum melt temperature of 1850 °C is maintained in the plasma-chemical reactor, the feed rate varies. The dependence between the crystallization properties of the melt and the mixture composition is established. To obtain the material with increased crystallinity, the resulting silicate melt is subjected to plasma treatment at 700 °C for 1 hour and 950 °C for 2 hours. The degree of crystallinity increases up to 60–65 %. Compressive and flexure strength and coefficient of linear expansion of obtained products are determined. The obtained results are compared with those available in the domestic and foreign markets.

Currently, the chipboard production is a priority direction in the development of woodworking industry. In addition to purely technological aspects, the environmental safety of chipboard production is the most relevant, which is reflected in the modern patent, scientific and technical literature. One of the main ways to improve the environmental safety and efficiency of the chipboard production is a directed modification of urea-formaldehyde resin, the main binder, in order to significantly change the emission of free formaldehyde from finished structures. This problem is solved by modifying both the binder and the hardener. Ammonium chloride, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium silicofluoride, combined hardener in the composition of ammonium chloride and ammonia water and others are used as a hardener, and a polyacrylamide solution is used as resin modifier. The gas phase of wood chipboards aged at 1100 °C for 30 min was studied using a method of the vapor-phase gas chromatographic analysis with the mass spectrometer detection. Results show that polyacrylamide sample with modifying additives has the smallest quantity of components releasing in the gas phase. Concerning gas emission, all studied wood chipboard samples meet the sanitary rules for the use of polymeric materials in construction and furniture production and the sanitary and hygienic assessment of polymer and polymer-containing building materials and structures intended for use in the construction of residential, public and industrial buildings.

The article considers and solves the problem of determining dynamic characteristics of automobile steel bridges. In the laboratory conditions, possible loads are simulated and stress diagrams are constructed. By measuring stresses in a real bridge, experimental loading diagrams are constructed for all possible loads. By comparison with the model diagrams, the stress effect in permanent joints is shown. The stress evolution is shown depending on the traffic flow.