Evolution of functional and planning structure of club-type leisure institutions

Purpose: Analysis of the evolution of the functional and planning structure of leisure club institutions. An attempt to understand how the architecture of the club changed, its structure, and what influenced it. Мethodology/approach: Analysis of the experience of designing club facilities in various regions. A more detailed study concerns the Russian experience, but other regions are also being considered at different stages. The main method in the study is the analysis of graphic materials to assess the functional and planning structure. Research findings: Club-type leisure facilities are very popular. In terms of functional saturation and planning structure, their architecture is diverse. It can be influenced by the design, specific tasks, focus on a certain social group, and historical stage. Identification of the specifics of club facilities in different time periods provides the better understanding of the club architecture as an important leisure object of the past and present. Identified are the functional planning structures for different periods as well as the reasons of their evolution. The diagrams are suggested for the development of the club architecture, functional changes, dominance and interaction of its individual parts. Practical implications: The development of the club architecture and identification of factors influencing it determine the architecture at the present stage and demonstrate the importance of certain social and regional features. Originality/value: The identified stages clearly demonstrate changes in the functional and planning structure of the club, the original idea of leisure facilities and the evolution into modern clubs.

1. Nagaeva Z.S., Mosyakin D.S. Aktual'nost' sozdaniya sistemy molodezhnykh tsentrov [The relevance of creating a system of youth centers]. Stroitel'stvo i tekhnogennaya bezopasnost'. 2018. No. 13 (65). Pp. 35-45. (rus)

2. Andreeva D.V., Ivleva O.T. Evolyutsiya arkhitektury stolichnykh klubov Anglii i Rossii na rubezhe XVII-XIX vv. [The architecture evolution of capital clubs in England and Russia in the 17-19th centuries]. Vestnik Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta im. V.G. Shukhova. 2021. No. 1. Pp. 46-57. DOI: 10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-1-46-57 (rus)

3. Pilcher D. Leisure as an architectural problem, Essays. The Architectural Review London. 1938. Republished in 2017. Pp. 233-242. Available: www.architectural-review.com/essays/leisure-as-an-architectural-problem (accessed January 11, 2022)

4. Torshina A.V. Evolyutsiya ponyatiya "klubnaya deyatel'nost'" v istoriko-pedagogicheskom protsesse [Evolution of the concept of "club activity" in the historical and pedagogical process]. In: Materialy II Mezhdunar. nauch. Konf "Aspekty i tendentsii pedagogicheskoi nauki" (Proc. 2th Int. Sci. Conf. "Aspects and Trends of Pedagogy"). Saint-Petersburg: Svoe izdatel'stvo, 2017. Pp. 10-13. Available: https://moluch.ru/conf/ped/archive/216/12645/ (accessed January 11, 2022)

5. Milne-Smith A. Flight to Domesticity? Making a Home in the Gentlemen's Clubs of London, 1880–1914. The Journal of British Studies. 2012. Pp. 796-818. DOI: 10.1086/505958

6. Sheppard F.H.W. (Ed). St. James's Street, East Side', in Survey of London. V. 29, 30. St. James Westminster, Part 1. London. 1960. Pp. 433-458. Available: www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp433-458 (accessed 11 January 2022).

7. Nadyrova D.A. Mnogofunktsional'nye dosugovye kompleksy Kazani serediny XIX nachala XX vv. [Multifunctional leisure complexes of Kazan in the middle of the 19th and early 20th centuries]. Izvestiya KGASU. 2017. No. 4 (42). Pp. 32-40. (rus)

8. Myasnikov A.L. 100 velikikh dostoprimechatel'nostei Moskvy [100 great sights of Moscow]. Moscow: Veche, 2014. 320 p. (rus)

9. Smith M.K. Henry Solly and the Working Men’s Club and Institute Union. The encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education, 2001. Available: https://infed.org/mobi/henry-solly-and-the-working-mens-club-and-institute-union/ (accessed January 13, 2022)

10. Smith M.K. Community centres (centers) and associations. The encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education, 2002. Available: https://infed.org/mobi/community-centers-and-associations/ (accessed January 13, 2022)

11. Vorob'ev A.Yu. Ot Narodnogo doma k rabochemu klubu, Dvortsu kul'tury i teatru massovogo deistva: tendentsii evolyutsii mnogofunktsional'nogo kompleksa v Rossii pervoi treti XX veka [From the People's House to the Workers' Club, Palace of Culture and Theater of Mass Action: Evolution trends of multifunctional complex in Russia in the 20th century]. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel'stvo. 2012. No. 2. Pp. 33-37 (rus)

12. Bogomolov A.A. Narodnye Doma kak kul'turno-prosvetitel'nye tsentry. Chast' 2. Narodnyi Dom, organizatsiya upravleniya im, postroika zdaniya, literatura o Narodnykh Domakh i rabote v nikh [People's Houses as cultural and educational centers. Part 2. People's House, organization of its management, construction, literature about People's Houses]. Kharkiv: "Soyuz" Khar'kovskogo Kreditnogo Soyuza Kooperativov, 1918. 199 p. (rus)

13. Popov D. Narodnye doma v Rossii v nachale XX v. [People's Houses in Russia early in the 20th century]. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya Istoricheskie nauki. 2019. No. 3 (23). Pp. 97-105. DOI: 10.25513/2312-1300.2019.3.97-105 (rus)

14. Lukhmanov N.V. Arkhitektura kluba [Club architecture]. Moscow: Teakinopechat', 1930. 103 p. (rus)

15. Aranovich. D.M., Arkin D.E., et al. Arkhitektura klubnogo zdaniya. 10 rabochikh klubov Moskvy. Gosudarstvennaya akademiya iskusstvoznaniya [Club building architecture. 10 working clubs in Moscow. State Academy of Art Studies]. V.S. Kemenov, ed., Moscow; Leningrad, 1932. 108 p. (rus)

16. Khan-Magomedov S.O. Arkhitektura sovetskogo avangarda v 2 knigakh [Architecture of the Soviet avant-garde in 2 books]. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 2001. 712 p. (rus)

17. Klub imeni Zueva v Moskve, znamenitaya postroika Il'i Golosova – v fotografiyakh Denisa Esakova s kommentariem istorika arkhitektury Sergeya Kulikova [Zuev Club in Moscow, famous building of Ilya Golosov in photos by Denis Esakov with comments by Sergei Kulikov, architectural historian]. Available: https://archi.ru/russia/70752/klub-imeni-zueva (accessed January 13, 2022) (rus)

18. Leonidov I.I. Proekt kluba novogo sotsial'nogo tipa [Project of a new type of social club]. Sovremennaya arkhitektura. 1929. No. 3. Pp. 105-111 Available: http://tehne.com/event/arhivsyachina/arhiv-sa-proekt-kluba-novogo-socialnogo-tipa-1929 (accessed January 15, 2022) (rus)

19. Egerev V., Kubasov V., et al. Moskovskii Dvorets pionerov [Moscow Palace of Pioneers]. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1964. 102 p. (rus)

20. Dom molodezhi [Youth House]. Available: https://tatlin.ru/articles/dom_molodezhi (accessed January 15, 2022) (rus)

21. Usmanov M.S. Funktsional'no-planirovochnaya organizatsiya uchrezhdenii dosuga molodezhi v krupneishikh gorodakh. Tom 1 [Funktsional'no-planirovochnaya organization uchrezhdenii dosuga molodezhi v krupneishikh gorodakh. PhD Thesis], vol. 1. Tashkent, 1985. 154 p. (rus)

22. Arkhitektura dlya molodezhi [Architecture for young people]. Available: https://archi.ru/russia/70200/arkhitektura-dlya-molodozhi (accessed January 17, 2022) (rus)

23. Raíces Educational Park. Taller Piloto Arquitectos. Available: www.archdaily.com/870235/raices-educational-park-taller-piloto-arquitectos?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects (accessed January 17, 2022)

24. Jugendzentrum Echo. Puerstl langmaier architekten. ArchDaily. Available: www.archdaily.com/895716/jugendzentrum-echo-puerstl-langmaier-architekten?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects (accessed January 17, 2022)