The Development of Natural Styles in Architecture of Japan in the Second Half of the 20^th Century

The article is devoted to the history and development of architecture in Japan in the second half of the 20^th century. It is shown, that in this period there were dramatic changes in architecture of Japan in relation to the role of the nature in the life of modern man, functional zoning of urban and suburban spaces. Philosophical views and creative concept are considered for three generations of Japanese architects (K. Maekawa, K. Tange, K. Kurokawa, K. Shinohara, H. Hara and I. Hasegawa). Basic points of intersection are described for traditional principles of medieval Japanese architecture (wabi, makoto, sabi, yugen, etc.) with modern Western European and American styles (functionalism, postmodernism, hi-tech, organy-tech, etc.). As a result, in contemporary architecture of Japan two brand-new directions are formed, namely metabolism (capsular architecture) and postmaterialism (mutable aesthetics).

современная архитектура Японии, философские концепции гармоничного взаимодействия человека и природы, традиционные категории японской эстетики, функционализм (синтез современной западной и традиционной японской культур), метаболизм, постметаболизм, modern architecture of Japan, the philosophical concept of the harmonious interaction of man and nature, traditional categories of Japanese aesthetics, functionalism (synthesis of modern Western and traditional Japanese cultures), metabolism, post-metabolism

1. Ikonnikov A.V., Zavarikhin Y.I. Tokio (Seria „Arhitektura i stroitelistvo gorodov mira‟) [Tokyo (Series „Architecture and construction of cities in the world‟)]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat Publ., 1978. 88 p. (rus)

2. Ikonnikov A.V. Arhitektura ХХ veka. Utopii i realinosti [Architecture of the 20th century. Utopia and reality]. In 2 vols., Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya, 2002. V. 2. 672 p. (rus)

3. Oreliskaya O.V. Sovremennaia zarubejnaia arhitektura [Modern foreign architecture]. Moscow: Akademia Publ., 2006. 272 p. (rus)

4. Polyakov E.N. Prirodnaia simvolika v arhitekture srednevekovogo Kitaia i Iaponii [Natural symbols in medieval architecture of China and Japan]. Arkhitektura i gradostroitel'stvo. 1990. V. 3. No. 807. 11 р. (rus)

5. Polyakov E.N. „Prirodnye‟ kontseptualinuie napravlenia v sovremennoy arhi-tekture, vozmojnosti ih realizatsii v uchebnom proektirovanii [Natural conceptual directions in contemporary architecture, the possibility of their implementation in the learning design]. Nauchnoinnovatsionnaya deyatel'nost' Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta v 2014 godu. Ed. Klimenov. Tomsk: TSUAB Publ., 2015. Pр. 145–148. (rus)

6. Polyakov E.N., Vyshegorodtsev D.A. Traditsii dzen-buddizma v iaponskoi arhitekture [Traditions of Zen Buddhism in Japanese architecture]. Proc. 55th Sci. Conf. Novosibirsk: NGASU Publ., 1998. Pp. 28–30. (rus)

7. Kim M.A., Polyakov E.N. Vozmojnosti realizatsii postulatov iaponskogo metabolizma v uchebnom proektirovanii [Implementation of theses of Japanese metabolism in learning design]. Proc. 61st Sci. Conf. of Students and Young Scientists. TSUAB Publ., 2015. Pp. 754–764. (rus)

8. Yashina A.S., Polyakov E.N. Adaptatsia traditsionnuih iaponskih priuomov formoobrazovanija v sovremennom interiere [Adaptation of traditional Japanese shaping techniques in modern interior]. Proc. 63rd Sci. Conf. of Students and Young Scientists. TSUAB Publ., 2017. Pp. 1181–1187. (rus)

9. Pyankova, N.S. Tretyakova M.S. Mojno li schitaty iaponskii dizain dizainom? [Can we consider Japanese design as design?]. Akademicheskii vestnik UralNIIproekt RAASN. 2012. No. 4. Pp. 85–89. (rus)

10. Semchenko, G.A., Bakaldina G.V. Metabolisticheskaia kontseptsia kak ideiny istochnik postulatov arhitektury iaponskogo hai-teka [Metabolic concept as ideological source of Japanese high-tech architecture postulates]. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. ‘Youth in Science: New Arguments’ (Lipetsk, March 27, 2015). Lipetsk: Argument Publ., 2015. Pp. 148–151. (rus)

11. Tretyakova M.S. Traditcionny i sovremenny iaponsky dom „minka‟: pereosmyslenie traditsii v stilevuh 'napravlenyah „Mingei-tio‟ i „Va-modern‟ [Traditional and modern Japanese „minka‟ house: tradition rethinking in „Mingau-te‟ and „Va-modern‟ styles]. Available at: http://archvuz.ru/ 2014_1/16/ (rus)

12. Maekawa Kunio. Available at: http://topmedia.in.ua/novosti-ukrainy/ item/5049-1454012 635/ (rus)

13. Jonathan McKean Reynolds. Maekawa Kunio and the emergence of Japanese modernist architecture. University of California Press, 2001. 318 р.

14. Tange K. Arhitektura Iaponii. Traditsia i sovremennosty [Architecture of Japan. Tradition and modernity]. Moscow: Progress Publ., 1976. 235 p. (rus)

15. Kenzo Tange. Part IV. Available at: http: //tehlib. com/arhitektura/ kenzo-tange-chast-iv/

16. Badlueva V.M. Filosofia simbioza Kisio Kurokavy [Philosophy of symbiosis of Kisho Kurokawa]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2009. No. 329. Pp. 61–64. (rus)

17. Kisho Kurokawa – biography and creativity. Available at: http://delovoy-kvartal.ru/kisyokurokava-biografiya-i-tvorchestvo/.

18. Kazuo Shinohara’s Houses. Available at: https://misfitsarchitecture.com/2014/07/20/kazuoshinoharas-houses/

19. The architect of their country. Hiroshi Hara. Available at: http://arquitect.livejournal.com/ 42909.html

20. Modern Japanese architecture. Architecture. Available at: www.etoday.ru/2007/07/modernjapanese-architecture.php

21. Architecture of Itsuko Hasegawa. Available at: http://desinpost.ru/arxitektura-icuko-xasegava/

22. The Museum of Fruit in Yamanashi. Architect Itsuko Hasegawa. Available at: www.forma.spb.ru/ magazine/articles/d_005/main.shtml