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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestniktgasu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Томского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-1859</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-0044</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31675/1607-1859-2026-28-4-9-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ADEQRG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestniktgasu-2570</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АРХИТЕКТУРА И ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Климатические факторы формообразования исторических поселений аридной зоны Ближнего Востока: системный анализ и принципы адаптации (на примере Старого Дамаска)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Climate factors in the formation of historic settlements in the arid zone of the Niddle East: a systematic analysis and principles of adaptation (the Old Damascus case study)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даидж Аль-Гмул Аль-Хамаи</surname><given-names>Ваджих Сулейман</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Daij Al-Gmoul Al-Hamayde</surname><given-names>Wajeeh Sulaiman</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аль-Гмул Аль-Хамаиде Ваджих Сулейман Даидж, аспирант</p><p>634003; пл. Соляная, 2; Томск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Wajeeh Sulaiman Daij Al-Gmoul Al-Hamaydeh, Research Assistant</p><p>634003; 2, Solyanaya Sq.; Tomsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alhama-idehwajeeh6@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвинова</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinova</surname><given-names>O. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Геннадьевна Литвинова, канд. ист. наук, доцент</p><p>Томск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga G. Litvinova, PhD, A/Professor</p><p>634003; 2, Solyanaya Sq.; Tomsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">litvinova-olga1982@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Томский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Даидж Аль-Гмул Аль-Хамаи В.С., Литвинова О.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Даидж Аль-Гмул Аль-Хамаи В.С., Литвинова О.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Daij Al-Gmoul Al-Hamayde W.S., Litvinova O.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.tsuab.ru/jour/article/view/2570">https://vestnik.tsuab.ru/jour/article/view/2570</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Актуальность</title><p>   Актуальность. В условиях глобального изменения климата и растущего интереса к энергоэффективным решениям в области архитектуры актуализируется изучение исторического опыта традиционных поселений.</p></sec><sec><title>   Цель</title><p>   Цель. Настоящая статья посвящена выявлению закономерностей формирования морфологии исторических поселений аридного региона под воздействием климатических факторов и систематизации принципов их архитектурно-климатической адаптации. На примере Старого Дамаска рассматриваются планировочная структура, объемно-пространственная композиция и архитектурно-строительные технологии, способствующие пассивному охлаждению, регулированию инсоляционного и ветрового режимов, а также использованию тепловой инерции материалов.</p></sec><sec><title>   Методы</title><p>   Методы. Исследование основывается на комплексной методологии, включающей историко-генетический, сравнительно-типологический и картографический анализ.</p><p>   Особое внимание уделяется взаимосвязи социальной стратификации общества и типологии жилых домов, что позволяет выявить инвариантный набор климатических элементов, обязательный для всех слоев населения, а также его вариативность, обусловленную социальным статусом.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. Сформулированы пять обобщенных принципов адаптивной архитектуры аридного пояса: иерархия публичного и приватного пространства, компактность и максимизация затенения, использование тепловой инерции материалов, многоуровневая естественная вентиляция и испарительное охлаждение, а также социально-функциональная дифференциация климатических решений. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при проектировании устойчивых поселений в современных аридных регионах, включая южные территории России, а также в реставрационной и музеефикационной практике объектов историко-архитектурного наследия.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   In the context of global climate change and the growing interest in energy-efficient architectural solutions, the study of the historical experience of traditional settlements is becoming increasingly relevant.</p><sec><title>   Purpose</title><p>   Purpose: Identification of patterns in the morphological formation of historic settlements in arid regions under the influence of climatic factors and systematization of principles of their architectural and climatic adaptation.</p></sec><sec><title>   Methodology/approach</title><p>   Methodology/approach: Using Old Damascus as a case study, this research examines the planning structure, spatial composition, and architectural construction technologies that facilitate passive cooling, regulation of insolation and wind patterns, and utilization of thermal mass of materials. The study is based on a comprehensive methodology, including historical-genetic, comparative typological, and cartographic analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>   Research findings</title><p>   Research findings: Particular attention is paid to the interrelation between the social stratification of the society and typology of residential buildings. This approach reveals an invariant set of climatic elements mandatory for all segments of the population, as well as its variability determined by social status. Five generalized principles of adaptive architecture in the arid belt are formulated: the hierarchy of public and private space, compactness and maximization of shading, the use of thermal mass of materials, multi-level natural ventilation and evaporative cooling, and the socio-functional differentiation of climatic solutions.</p><p>   Practical implications: The results obtained can be applied in the design of sustainable settlements in modern arid regions, including the southern territories of Russia, as well as in the restoration and museumification of historical and architectural heritage sites.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аридная архитектура</kwd><kwd>климатическая адаптация</kwd><kwd>пассивное охлаждение</kwd><kwd>исторические поселения</kwd><kwd>Старый Дамаск</kwd><kwd>морфология города</kwd><kwd>градостроительство Ближнего Востока</kwd><kwd>устойчивая архитектура</kwd><kwd>энергоэффективность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>arid architecture</kwd><kwd>climate adaptation</kwd><kwd>passive cooling</kwd><kwd>historic settlements</kwd><kwd>Old Damascus</kwd><kwd>urban morphology</kwd><kwd>Middle Eastern urban planning</kwd><kwd>sustainable architecture</kwd><kwd>energy efficiency</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keppen, V. 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